Wisconsin

State of Wisconsin
Flag of Wisconsin State seal of Wisconsin
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): Badger State; America's Dairyland
Motto(s): Forward
Map of the United States with Wisconsin highlighted
Official language(s) English
Demonym Wisconsinite
Capital Madison
Largest city Milwaukee
Largest metro area Milwaukee metropolitan area
Area  Ranked 23rd in the US
 - Total 65,498 sq mi
(169,639 km2)
 - Width 260 miles (420 km)
 - Length 310 miles (500 km)
 - % water 17
 - Latitude 42° 30′ N to 47° 05′ N
 - Longitude 86° 46′ W to 92° 53′ W
Population  Ranked 20th in the US
 - Total 5,654,774[1]
- Density 98.8/sq mi  (38.13/km2)
Ranked 23rd in the US
 - Median income  $47,220 (15th)
Elevation  
 - Highest point Timms Hill[2]
1,951 ft  (595 m)
 - Mean 1,050 ft  (320 m)
 - Lowest point Lake Michigan[2]
579 ft  (176 m)
Admission to Union  May 29, 1848 (30th)
Governor Jim Doyle (D)
Lieutenant Governor Barbara Lawton (D)
Legislature Wisconsin Legislature
 - Upper house Senate
 - Lower house State Assembly
U.S. Senators Herb Kohl (D)
Russ Feingold (D)
U.S. House delegation List
Time zone Central: UTC-6/-5
Abbreviations WI Wis. US-WI
Website http://www.wisconsin.gov

Wisconsin ( /En-us-Wisconsin.oggwɪˈskɑːnsɪn/) is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is considered part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Upper Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. As of 2008 the state has an estimated 5.6 million residents. Wisconsin contains 72 counties.

Contents

Etymology

The word Wisconsin has its origins in the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian speaking American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact.[3] French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River and record its name, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing in his journal.[4] This spelling was later corrupted to Ouisconsin by other French explorers, and over time this version became the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th Century. The current spelling was made official by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1845.[5]

Through the course of its many variations, the Algonquian source word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations may vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that line its banks. One leading theory holds that the name originated from the Miami word Meskonsing, meaning "it lies red," a reference to the setting of the Wisconsin River as it flows by the reddish sandstone of the Wisconsin Dells.[6] Numerous other theories have also been widely publicized, including claims that name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning "red stone place," "gathering of the waters," or "great rock."[7]

History

Wisconsin in 1718, Guillaume de L'Isle map, approximate state area highlighted.

Wisconsin has been home to a wide variety of cultures over the past twelve thousand years. The first people arrived around 10000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation. These early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals exemplified by the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin.[8] After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering food from wild plants. Agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Towards the end of this period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the "Effigy Mound culture," which built thousands of animal-shaped mounds across the landscape.[9] Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the fortified village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin.[10] The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes, who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact.[11] Other American Indian groups living in Wisconsin when Europeans first settled included the Ojibwa, Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, and Pottawatomie, who migrated to Wisconsin from the east between 1500 and 1700.[12]

Jean Nicolet, depicted in this recent painting, was probably the first European to explore Wisconsin.

The first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, and it is traditionally assumed that he came ashore near Green Bay at Red Banks.[13] Pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local American Indians.[14] In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien.[15] Frenchmen like Nicholas Perrot continued to ply the fur trade across Wisconsin through the 17th and 18th centuries, but the French made no permanent settlements in Wisconsin before Great Britain won control of the region following the French and Indian War in 1763. Even so, French traders continued to work in the region after the war, and some, beginning with Charles de Langlade in 1764, now settled in Wisconsin permanently rather than returning to British-controlled Canada.[16]

Wisconsin became a territorial possession of the United States in 1783 after the American Revolutionary War. However, the British remained in de facto control until after the War of 1812, which finally established an American presence in the area.[17] Under American control, the economy of the territory shifted from fur trading to lead mining. The prospect of easy mineral wealth drew immigrants from throughout the U.S. and Europe to the lead deposits located at Mineral Point, Wisconsin and nearby areas. Some miners found shelter in the holes they had dug and earned the nickname "badgers," leading to Wisconsin's identity as the "Badger State."[18] The sudden influx of white miners prompted tension with the local Native American population. The Winnebago War of 1827 and the Black Hawk War of 1832 led to the forced removal of American Indians from most parts of the state.[19] Following these conflicts, Wisconsin Territory was organized in 1836. Continued white settlement led to statehood in 1848.

The Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin held the nation's first meeting of the Republican Party

Politics in early Wisconsin were defined by the greater national debate over slavery. A free state from its foundation, Wisconsin became a center of northern abolitionism. The debate became especially intense in 1854 after a runaway slave from Missouri named Joshua Glover was captured in Racine. Glover was taken into custody under the Federal Fugitive Slave Law, but a mob of abolitionists stormed the prison where Glover was held and helped him escape to Canada. The Wisconsin Supreme Court ultimately declared the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional in a trial stemming from the incident.[20] The Republican Party, founded on March 20, 1854 by anti-slavery expansion activists in Ripon, Wisconsin, grew to dominate state politics in the aftermath of these events.[21] During the Civil War, around 91,000 troops from Wisconsin fought for the Union.[22]

Drawing of Industrial Milwaukee in 1882

Wisconsin's economy also diversified during the early years of statehood. While lead mining diminished, agriculture became a principal occupation in the southern half of the state. Railroads were built across the state to help transport grains to market, and industries like J.I. Case & Company in Racine were founded to build agricultural equipment. Wisconsin briefly became one of the nation's leading producers of wheat during the 1860s.[23] Meanwhile, the lumber industry dominated in the heavily forested northern sections of Wisconsin, and sawmills sprung up in cities like La Crosse, Eau Claire, and Wausau. These economic activities had dire environmental consequences. By the close of the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the state.[24] This forced both wheat agriculture and the lumber industry into a precipitous decline.

The Daniel E. Krause Stone Barn in Chase, Wisconsin was built in 1903 as dairy farming spread across the state

Beginning in the 1890s, farmers in Wisconsin shifted from wheat to dairy production in order to make more sustainable and profitable use of their land. Many immigrants carried cheese making traditions that, combined with the state's suitable geography and dairy research led by Stephen Babcock at the University of Wisconsin, helped the state build a reputation as "America's Dairyland."[25] Meanwhile, conservationists including Aldo Leopold helped reestablish the state's forests during the early 20th century.[26] This paved the way for a more renewable lumber and paper milling industry as well as promoting recreational tourism in the northern woodlands. Manufacturing also boomed in Wisconsin during the early 20th century, driven by an immense immigrant workforce arriving from Europe. Industries in cities like Milwaukee ranged from brewing and food processing to heavy machine production and toolmaking, leading Wisconsin to rank 8th among U.S. states in total product value by 1910.[27]

Wisconsin Governor Robert La Follette addressing an assembly in Decatur, Illinois, 1905.

The early 20th century was also notable for the emergence of progressive politics championed by Robert M. La Follette. Between 1901 and 1914, Progressive Republicans in Wisconsin created the nation's first comprehensive statewide primary election system,[28] the first effective workplace injury compensation law,[29] and the first state income tax,[30] making taxation proportional to actual earnings. The progressive Wisconsin Idea also promoted the statewide expansion of the University of Wisconsin through the UW-Extension system at this time.[31] Later, UW economics professors John R. Commons and Harold Groves helped Wisconsin create the first unemployment compensation program in the United States in 1932.[32]

Wisconsin took part in several political extremes in the mid to late 20th century, ranging from the anti-communist hysteria of Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s to the radical antiwar protests at UW-Madison that culminated in the Sterling Hall bombing in August 1970. Recent politics have been comparatively moderate, but the state has continued to push forward new ideas, most notably becoming a leader in welfare reform under Republican Governor Tommy Thompson during the 1990s.[33] The state's economy also underwent further transformations towards the close of the century, as heavy industry and manufacturing declined in favor of a service economy based on medicine, education, agribusiness, and tourism.

The U.S. Navy battleship, USS Wisconsin, was named in honor of this state.

Geography

Wisconsin can be divided into five geographic regions.
The Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin is characterized by bluffs carved in sedimentary rock by water from melting Ice Age glaciers.
Wisconsin state welcome sign

Wisconsin is bordered by the Montreal River; Lake Superior and Michigan to the north; by Lake Michigan to the east; by Illinois to the south; and by Iowa to the southwest and Minnesota to the northwest. A border dispute with Michigan was settled by two cases, both Wisconsin v. Michigan, in 1934 and 1935. The state's boundaries include the Mississippi River and St. Croix River in the west, and the Menominee River in the northeast. Wisconsin is the northernmost state that does not share a border with Canada.

With its location between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of geographical features. The state is divided into five distinct regions. In the north, the Lake Superior Lowland occupies a belt of land along Lake Superior. Just to the south, the Northern Highland has massive mixed hardwood and coniferous forests including the 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km2) Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, as well as thousands of glacial lakes, and the state's highest point, Timms Hill. In the middle of the state, the Central Plain has some unique sandstone formations like the Dells of the Wisconsin River in addition to rich farmland. The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region in the southeast is home to many of Wisconsin's largest cities. In the southwest, the Western Upland is a rugged landscape with a mix of forest and farmland, including many bluffs on the Mississippi River. This region is part of the Driftless Area, which also includes portions of Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota. This area was not covered by glaciers during the most recent ice age, the Wisconsin Glaciation.

Overall, 46% of Wisconsin's land area is covered by forest. Langlade County has a soil rarely found outside of the county called Antigo Silt Loam.

Areas under the management of the National Park Service include the following:[34]

There is one national forest managed by the U.S. Forest Service in Wisconsin, Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest.

Wisconsin has sister-state relationships with the Germany's Hesse, Japan's Chiba Prefecture, Mexico's Jalisco, China's Heilongjiang, and Nicaragua.[35]

Climate

Wisconsin's climate is classified as humid continental. The highest temperature ever recorded in the state was in the Wisconsin Dells, on July 13, 1936, where it reached 114 °F (46 °C). The lowest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in the village of Couderay, where it reached −55 °F (−48 °C) on both February 2 and February 4, 1996.[36]

Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Selected Wisconsin Cities [°F (°C)]
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Green Bay 24/7

(−4/-14)

 29/12

(−2/-11)

 40/23

(4/-5)

 55/34

(13/1)

 68/45

(20/7)

 77/54

(25/12)

 81/59

(27/15)

 78/56

(26/13)

 70/48

(21/9)

 58/37

(14/3)

 42/26

(6/-3)

 29/13

(−2/-11)
La Crosse 26/6

(−3/-14)

 32/13

(0/-11)

 45/24

(7/-4)

 60/37

(16/3)

 72/49

(22/9)

 81/58

(27/14)

 85/63

(29/17)

 82/61

(28/16)

 74/52

(23/11)

 61/40

(16/4)

 44/27

(7/-3)

 30/14

(−1/-10)
Madison 25/9

(−4/-13)

 31/14

(−1/-10)

 43/25

(6/-4)

 57/35

(14/2)

 69/46

(21/8)

 78/56

(26/13)

 82/61

(28/16)

 79/59

(26/15)

 71/50

(22/10)

 60/39

(16/4)

 43/28

(6/-2)

 30/16

(−1/-9)
Milwaukee 28/13

(−2/-11)

 32/18

(0/-8)

 43/27

(6/-3)

 54/36

(12/2)

 66/46

(19/8)

 76/56

(24/13)

 81/63

(27/17)

 79/62

(26/17)

 72/54

(22/12)

 60/43

(16/6)

 46/31

(8/-1)

 33/19

(1/-7)
[4]

Demographics

Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
1850 305,391
—
1860 775,881 154.1%
1870 1,054,670 35.9%
1880 1,315,457 24.7%
1890 1,693,330 28.7%
1900 2,069,042 22.2%
1910 2,333,860 12.8%
1920 2,632,067 12.8%
1930 2,939,006 11.7%
1940 3,137,587 6.8%
1950 3,434,575 9.5%
1960 3,951,777 15.1%
1970 4,417,731 11.8%
1980 4,705,767 6.5%
1990 4,891,769 4.0%
2000 5,363,675 9.6%
Est. 2009[37] 5,654,774 5.4%
Wisconsin Population Density Map

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2000, Wisconsin had a population of 5,363,675. Wisconsin's population was reported as 6.4% under the age of 5, 25.5% under 18, and 13.1% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 50.6% of the population.

Since its founding, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous. Following the period of French fur traders, the next wave of settlers were miners, many of whom were Cornish, who settled the southwestern area of the state. The next wave was dominated by "Yankees," migrants from New England and upstate New York; in the early years of statehood, they dominated the state's heavy industry, finance, politics and education. Between 1850 and 1900, large numbers of European immigrants followed them, including Germans, Scandinavians (the largest group being Norwegian), and smaller groups of Belgians, Dutch, Swiss, Finns, Irish, Poles, Portuguese and others. In the 20th century, large numbers of Mexicans and African Americans came, settling mainly in Milwaukee; and after end of the Vietnam War came a new influx of Hmongs.

The five largest ancestry groups in Wisconsin are: German (42.6%), Irish (10.9%), Polish (9.3%), Norwegian (8.5%), English (6.5%).[38] German is the most common ancestry in every county in the state, except Menominee, Trempealeau and Vernon.[39] Wisconsin has the highest percentage of residents of Polish ancestry of any state.[38] The various ethnic groups settled in different areas of the state. Although Germans settled throughout the state, the largest concentration was in Milwaukee. Norwegians settled in lumbering and farming areas in the north and west. Small colonies of Belgians, Swiss, Finns and other groups settled in their particular areas, with Irish, Italian, and Polish immigrants settling primarily in urban areas.[40] African Americans came to Milwaukee, especially from 1940 on. Menominee County is the only county in the eastern United States with an American Indian majority.

Demographics of Wisconsin (csv)
By race White Black AIAN* Asian NHPI*
2000 (total population) 91.52% 6.15% 1.30% 1.92% 0.08%
2000 (Hispanic only) 3.35% 0.17% 0.11% 0.03% 0.01%
2005 (total population) 91.00% 6.48% 1.30% 2.21% 0.09%
2005 (Hispanic only) 4.17% 0.20% 0.12% 0.04% 0.01%
Growth 2000–05 (total population) 2.64% 8.89% 3.13% 18.59% 6.85%
Growth 2000–05 (non-Hispanic only) 1.65% 8.53% 2.43% 18.63% 6.18%
Growth 2000–05 (Hispanic only) 28.67% 21.23% 10.54% 16.75% 10.87%
* AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

86% of Wisconsin's African-American population live in four cities: Milwaukee, Racine, Beloit, Kenosha, with Milwaukee home to nearly three-fourths of the state's black Americans. Milwaukee is among the 10 major U.S. cities with the most African Americans per capita. In the Great Lakes region, only Detroit and Cleveland have a higher percentage of African-American residents.

33% of Wisconsin's Asian population is Hmong, with significant communities in Milwaukee, Wausau, Green Bay, Sheboygan, Appleton, Madison, La Crosse, Eau Claire, Oshkosh, and Manitowoc.[41]

Religion

The Roman Catholic Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe, in La Crosse, Wisconsin

Christianity is the predominant religion of Wisconsin. As of the year 2000, the RCMS[42] reported that the three largest denominational groups in Wisconsin are Catholic, Mainline Protestant, and Evangelical Protestant. The Catholic Church has the highest number of adherents in Wisconsin (at 1,695,660), followed by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 463,432 members reported and the Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod, reporting 241,306 adherents. The percentage of Wisconsin residents who belong to various affiliations are shown below:[43]

Law and government

The capital is Madison, Wisconsin.

The Wisconsin State Capitol

State Executive Officers

See also:

Politics

Presidential elections results
Year Republican Democratic
2008 42.31% 1,262,393 56.22% 1,677,211
2004 49.31% 1,478,120 49.71% 1,489,504
2000 47.56% 1,237,279 47.83% 1,242,987
1996 38.48% 845,029 48.81% 1,071,971
1992 36.78% 930,855 41.13% 1,041,066
1988 47.80% 1,047,794 51.41% 1,126,794

During the period of the Civil War, Wisconsin was a Republican and pro-Union stronghold. Ethno-religious issues in the late 19th century caused a brief split in the Republican coalition. Through the first half of the 20th century, Wisconsin's politics were dominated by Robert La Follette and his sons, originally of the Republican Party, but later of the revived Progressive Party. Since 1945, the state has maintained a close balance between Republicans and Democrats. Republican Senator Joe McCarthy was a controversial national figure in the early 1950s. Recent leading Republicans include former Governor Tommy Thompson and Congressman F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr.; prominent Democrats include Senators Herb Kohl and Russ Feingold, and Congressman David Obey.[44]

Much of the state's political history involved coalitions among different ethnic groups. The most famous controversy dealt with foreign language teaching in schools. This was fought out in the Bennett Law campaign of 1890, when the Germans switched to the Democratic Party because of the Republican Party's support of the Bennett Law, which led to a major victory for the Democrats.

The cities of Wisconsin have been active in increasing the availability of legislative information on the internet, thereby providing for greater government transparency. Currently three of the five most populous cities in Wisconsin provide their constituents with internet based access of all public records directly from the cities’ databases. Wisconsin cities started to make this a priority after Milwaukee began doing so, on their page, in 2001. One such city, Madison, has been named the Number 1 digital city by the Center for Digital Government in consecutive years. Nearly 18 percent of Wisconsin’s population has the ability to access their municipality’s information in this way.

Wisconsin has voted for the Democratic presidential nominee in the last six elections. The urban centers of Milwaukee and Madison tend to vote strongly Democratic. The suburbs of those cities are politically diverse, but tend to vote Republican. Counties in the western part of the state tend to be liberal, a tradition passed down from Scandinavian immigrants. The rural areas in the northern and eastern part of the state are the most solidly Republican areas in Wisconsin.

In the 2008 presidential election, Wisconsin voted for the Democratic presidential nominee, Illinois Senator Barack Obama. Obama captured 56% of the vote statewide, with the urban centers of Milwaukee and Madison voting strongly Democratic. Bucking the historic trend, Brown County (home to Green Bay) and Outagamie County (home to Appleton) voted for Obama over John McCain, the Republican presidential nominee. In all, McCain captured approximately 42% of the vote statewide and won 13 of the state's 72 counties. Of the counties won by McCain, only a handful were by greater than 55% of the vote (Florence, Green Lake, Ozaukee, Washington, and Waukesha, with Washington County providing his largest single-county percentage victory in the state). In all, Obama was successful in 59 counties, transcending the state's usual east/west and urban/suburban/rural divides.

Wisconsin ranked second in voter turnout in the 2008 presidential election, behind Minnesota.

Lawmakers in Wisconsin

The last election in which Wisconsin supported a Republican Presidential candidate was in 1984. However, both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections were close, with Wisconsin receiving heavy doses of national advertising because it was a "swing," or pivot, state. Al Gore carried the presidential vote in 2000 by only 5,700 votes, and John Kerry won Wisconsin in 2004 by 11,000 votes. However, in 2008, Barack Obama carried the state by 381,000 votes and with 56%. Republicans had a stronghold in the Fox Valley but elected a Democrat, Steve Kagen, of Appleton, for the 8th Congressional District in 2006. Republicans have held Waukesha County. The City of Milwaukee heads the list of Wisconsin's Democratic strongholds, which also includes Madison and the state's Native American reservations. Wisconsin's largest Congressional district, the 7th, has been a Democratic stronghold since 1969. Its representative, David Obey, chairs the powerful House Appropriations Committee.

In 2006, Democrats gained in a national sweep of opposition to the Bush administration, and the Iraq War. The retiring GOP 8th District Congressman, Mark Green, of Green Bay, ran against the incumbent Governor Jim Doyle. Green lost by 8% statewide, making Doyle the first Democratic Governor to be re-elected in 32 years. The Republicans lost control of the state Senate. Although Democrats gained eight seats in the state Assembly, Republicans retained a five vote majority in that house. In 2008, Democrats regained control of the State Assembly by a 52–46 margin, marking the first time since 1987 the both the governor and state legislature were both Democratic.

Taxes

Wisconsin collects personal income taxes (based on five income brackets) which range from 4.6% to 7.75%. The state sales and use tax rate is 5.0%. Fifty-nine counties have an additional sales/use tax of 0.5%.[47] Milwaukee County and four surrounding counties have an additional temporary 0.1% tax which helps fund the Miller Park baseball stadium, which was completed in 2001. Retailers who make sales subject to applicable county taxes must collect this tax on their retail sales.

The most common property tax assessed on Wisconsin residents is the real property tax, or their residential property tax. Wisconsin does not impose a property tax on vehicles, but does levy an annual registration fee. Property taxes are the most important tax revenue source for Wisconsin's local governments, as well as major methods of funding school districts, vocational technical colleges, special purpose districts and tax incremental finance districts. Equalized values are based on the full market value of all taxable property in the state, except for agricultural land. In order to provide property tax relief for farmers, the value of agricultural land is determined by its value for agricultural uses, rather than for its possible development value. Equalized values are used to distribute state aid payments to counties, municipalities, and technical colleges. Assessments prepared by local assessors are used to distribute the property tax burden within individual municipalities.

Wisconsin does not assess a tax on intangible property. Wisconsin does not collect inheritance taxes. Until January 1, 2008 Wisconsin's estate tax was decoupled from the federal estate tax laws; therefore the state imposed its own estate tax on certain large estates.[48]

There are no toll roads in Wisconsin; highway and road construction and maintenance is funded by motor fuel tax revenues.

Economy

The US Bank Center in Milwaukee is Wisconsin's tallest skyscraper.

In 2008 Wisconsin’s gross state product was $240.4 billion, making it 21st among U.S. states.[49] The per capita personal income was $35,239 in 2008. The economy of Wisconsin is driven by manufacturing, agriculture, and health care. Although manufacturing accounts for a far greater part of the state's income than farming, Wisconsin is often perceived as a farming state.

As of June 2010, the states unemployment rate is 7.9% (seasonally adjusted)[50]

The largest employers in Wisconsin are:

  1. Wal-Mart
  2. University of Wisconsin system
  3. U.S. Postal Service
  4. Milwaukee Public Schools
  5. Wisconsin Department of Corrections
  6. Menards
  7. Kohl's
  8. Ultra Mart Foods aka Roundy's
  9. City of Milwaukee
  10. Kohler Company[51]

Agriculture

Wisconsin is second to California in in overall production of milk and butter, and third in per-capita milk production, behind Idaho and Vermont,[52][53] though it leads the nation in cheese production. [54] Wisconsin ranks first nationally in the production of corn for silage, cranberries, ginseng, and snap beans for processing. Wisconsin is also a leading producer of oats, potatoes, carrots, tart cherries, maple syrup, and sweet corn for processing. The importance of the state's agricultural production was exemplified by the depiction of a Holstein cow, an ear of corn, and a wheel of cheese for Wisconsin's 50 State Quarters design.

A large part of the state's manufacturing sector includes commercial food processing, including well-known brands such as Oscar Mayer, Tombstone frozen pizza, Johnsonville brats, and Usinger's sausage. Kraft Foods alone employs over 5,000 people in the state. Milwaukee is a major producer of beer and was formerly headquarters for Miller Brewing Company, the nation's second-largest brewer, until it merged with Coors Brewing Company. Formerly, Schlitz, Blatz, and Pabst were cornerstone breweries in Milwaukee.

Badger State
State Animal: Badger
State Domesticated
Animal:		 Dairy cow
State Wild Animal: White-tailed deer
State Beverage: Milk
State Fruit: Cranberry
State Bird: Robin
State Capital: Madison
State Dog: American water spaniel
State Fish: Muskellunge
State Flower: Wood violet
State Fossil: Trilobite
State Grain: Corn
State Insect: European honey bee
State Motto: Forward
State Song: "On, Wisconsin!"
State Tree: Sugar maple
State Mineral: Galena (Lead sulfide)
State Rock: Red granite
State Soil: Antigo silt loam
State Dance: Polka
State Symbol of
Peace:		 Mourning dove
State Microbe Lactococcus lactis

Transportation industry

Wisconsin is also home to several transportation equipment and machinery manufacturers. Major Wisconsin companies in these categories include the Kohler Company, Mercury Marine, Rockwell Automation, Johnson Controls, Seagrave Fire Apparatus, Pierce Manufacturing(fire apparatus), Briggs & Stratton, Miller Electric, Milwaukee Electric Tool Company, Bucyrus International, Super Steel Products Corp., Oshkosh Truck, and Harley-Davidson. Wisconsin also ranks first nationwide in the production of paper products; the lower Fox River from Lake Winnebago to Green Bay has 24 paper mills along its 39 miles (63 km) stretch.

The development and manufacture of health care devices and software is a growing sector of the state's economy with key players such as GE Healthcare, Epic Systems, and TomoTherapy.

Tourism

Tourism is also a major industry in Wisconsin – the state's third largest, according to the Department of Tourism. This is attributed to the many resorts in northern Wisconsin and the family attractions in the Wisconsin Dells area, which attract nearly 3 million visitors per year. Tourist destinations such as the House on the Rock near Spring Green and Circus World Museum in Baraboo also draw thousands of visitors annually, and festivals such as Summerfest and the EAA Oshkosh Airshow draw international attention, along with hundreds of thousands of visitors.

Given the large number of lakes and rivers in the state, water recreation is very popular.

The distinctive Door Peninsula, which extends off the eastern coast of the state, contains one of the state's tourist destinations, Door County. Door County is a popular destination for boaters because of the large number of natural harbors, bays and ports on the Green Bay and Lake Michigan side of the peninsula that forms the county. The area draws hundreds of thousands of visitors yearly to its quaint villages, seasonal cherry picking, and fish boils.

Film industry

On January 1, 2008, a new tax incentive for the film industry came into effect. The first major production to take advantage of the tax incentive was Michael Mann's Public Enemies. While the producers spent $18 million dollars on the film, it was reported that most of that went to out-of-state workers and for out-of-state services; Wisconsin taxpayers had provided $4.6 million in subsidies, and derived only $5 million in revenues from the film's making.[55]

Important municipalities

Wisconsin's self-promotion as "America's Dairyland" sometimes leads to a mistaken impression that it is an exclusively rural state. However, Wisconsin contains cities and towns of all sizes. Over 68% of Wisconsin residents live in urban areas, with the Greater Milwaukee area home to roughly one-third of the state's population.[56] Milwaukee is at the northern edge of an urban area bordering Lake Michigan that stretches southward into greater Chicago and northwestern Indiana, with a population of over 11 million. With over 602,000 residents Milwaukee proper is the 22nd-largest city in the country.[57] The string of cities along the western edge of Lake Michigan is generally considered to be an example of a megalopolis. Madison's dual identity as state capital and college town gives it a cultural richness unusual in a city its size. With a population of around 220,000, and metropolitan area of over 600,000, Madison is also a very fast-growing city. Madison's suburb, Middleton, was also ranked the "Best Place to Live in America" in 2007 by Money Magazine. Medium-size cities dot the state and anchor a network of working farms surrounding them. As of 2007, there were 12 cities in Wisconsin with a population of 50,000 or more.[58] Cities and villages are incorporated urban areas in Wisconsin. Towns are unincorporated minor civil divisions of counties.

Appleton

Eau Claire

Green Bay

Janesville

Kenosha

La Crosse

Madison

Milwaukee

Oshkosh

Racine

Education

Wisconsin, along with Minnesota and Michigan, was among the Midwestern leaders in the emergent American state university movement following the Civil War in the United States. By the turn of the century, education in the state advocated the "Wisconsin Idea", which emphasized for service to the people of the state. The "Wisconsin Idea" exemplified the Progressive movement within colleges and universities at the time.[59] Today, public education in Wisconsin includes both the 26-campus University of Wisconsin System, with the flagship university University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the 16-campus Wisconsin Technical College System which coordinates with the University of Wisconsin. Notable private colleges and universities include Marquette University, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Concordia University Wisconsin, Carroll University, Edgewood College, Beloit College, St. Norbert College, Lakeland College, Cardinal Stritch University and Lawrence University, among others. Elementary, middle and high school education are mandatory by law.

Culture

Citizens of Wisconsin are referred to as Wisconsinites. The traditional prominence of references to dairy farming and cheesemaking in Wisconsin's rural economy (the state's license plates have read "America's Dairyland" since 1940[60]) have led to the nickname (sometimes used pejoratively among non-residents) of "cheeseheads" and to the creation of "cheesehead hats" made of yellow foam in the shape of a block of cheese.

Numerous ethnic festivals are held throughout Wisconsin to celebrate its heritage. Such festivals include Summerfest, Oktoberfest, German Fest, Festa Italiana, Irish Fest, Bastille Days, Syttende Mai (Norwegian Constitution Day), Brat(wurst) Days in Sheboygan, Cheese Days in Monroe and Mequon, African World Festival, Indian Summer, Arab Fest, and many others.

Art

The Milwaukee Art Museum
Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin
Music stage at Summerfest in 1994, currently called the Harley-Davidson Roadhouse, with Downtown Milwaukee and an approach to the Hoan Bridge in the background.

The Milwaukee Art Museum in Milwaukee, designed by Santiago Calatrava, is known for its interesting architecture. The Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens cover over 200 acres (0.81 km2) of land on the far west side of the city. Madison is home to the Vilas Zoo which is free for all visitors, and the Olbrich Gardens conservatory, as well as the hub of cultural activity at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. It is also known for Monona Terrace, a convention center that was designed by Taliesin Architect Anthony Puttnam, based loosely on a 1930s design by Frank Lloyd Wright, a world-renowned architect and Wisconsin native who was born in Richland Center.[61] Wright's home and studio in the 20th century was at Taliesin, south of Spring Green. Decades after Wright's death, Taliesin remains an architectural office and school for his followers.

Music

Wisconsin has more country music festivals than any other state, including Miller Lite Presents Country Fest, Bud Light Presents Country Jam USA, the Coors Hodag Country Festival, Porterfield Country Music Festival, Country Thunder USA in Twin Lakes, Log Jam Fest in Phillips and Ford Presents Country USA.

The state's largest city, Milwaukee, also hosts Summerfest, dubbed "The World's Largest Music Festival," every year. This festival is held at the lakefront Henry Maier Festival Park just south of downtown.

Wisconsin has both the Milwaukee Metalfest and the Northern Wisconsin Metalfest, which is held in Lake Nebagamon.

The Wisconsin Area Music Industry provides an annual WAMI event where it presents an awards show for top Wisconsin artists.

Alcohol and Wisconsin culture

The Wisconsin Tavern League is a strong political force and the state legislature has been reluctant to lower DUI offense from BAC 0.10 to 0.08 (only through Federal government influence) and raise the alcoholic beverage tax. The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel series "Wasted in Wisconsin" examined this situation.[62] Popular belief is that the state's large German heritage population, climate (long cold winters, short warm summers), and abundant leisure opportunities contribute to high drinking rates, though data collected by the Journal Sentinel do not conclusively support this.

Recreation

The varied landscape of Wisconsin makes the state a popular vacation destination for outdoor recreation. Winter events include skiing, ice fishing and snowmobile derbies. Wisconsin has many lakes of varied size; the state contains 11,188 square miles (28,980 km2) of water, more than all but three other states (Alaska, Michigan and Florida).

Outdoor activities are popular in Wisconsin, especially hunting and fishing. One of the most prevalent game animals is the whitetail deer. Each year in Wisconsin, well over 600,000 deer hunting licenses are sold.[63] In 2008, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources projected the pre-hunt deer population to be about 1.5 to 1.7 million.

Sports

Lambeau Field in Green Bay is home to the NFL's Green Bay Packers.

Wisconsin is represented by major league teams in three sports: football, baseball, and basketball. Lambeau Field, located in Green Bay, Wisconsin is home to the National Football League's Green Bay Packers. The Packers have been part of the NFL since the league's second season in 1921 and hold the record for the most NFL titles, earning the city of Green Bay the nickname "Titletown USA". The Packers are the smallest city franchise in the NFL, and are the only one owned by the people of the city.. The franchise was founded by "Curly" Lambeau who played and coached for them. The Green Bay Packers are one of the most successful small-market professional sports franchises in the world and have won 12 NFL championships, including the first two AFL-NFL Championship games (Super Bowls I and II) and Super Bowl XXXI. The state's support of the team is evidenced by the 81,000-person waiting list for season tickets to Lambeau Field.[64]

Miller Park is the home stadium of Major League Baseball's Milwaukee Brewers

The Milwaukee Brewers, the state's only major league baseball team, play in Miller Park in Milwaukee, the successor to Milwaukee County Stadium since 2001. In 1982, the Brewers won the American League Championship, marking their most successful season. The team switched from the American League to the National League starting with the 1998 season.

The Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association play home games at the Bradley Center. The Bucks won the NBA Championship in 1971.

The state also has minor league teams in hockey (Milwaukee Admirals and Madison Ice Muskies) and baseball (the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers, based in Appleton and the Beloit Snappers of the Class A minor leagues). Wisconsin is also home to the Madison Mallards, the La Crosse Loggers, the Eau Claire Express, the Green Bay Bullfrogs, the Wisconsin Woodchucks, and the Wisconsin Rapids Rafters of the Northwoods League, a collegiate all-star summer league. In arena football Wisconsin is represented by four teams: the Wisconsin Wolfpack in Madison and the Milwaukee Bonecrushers, both in the CIFL; the Green Bay Blizzard of the IFL, and the Milwaukee Iron of the AFL.

Wisconsin also has many college sports programs, including the Wisconsin Badgers, of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The Wisconsin Badgers football former head coach Barry Alvarez led the Badgers to three Rose Bowl championships, including back-to-back victories in 1999 and 2000. The Badger men's basketball team won the national title in 1941 and made a second trip to college basketball's Final Four in 2000. The Badgers claimed a historic dual championship in 2006 when both the women's and men's hockey teams won national titles.

The Semi-Professional Northern Elite Football League consists of many teams from Wisconsin. The league is made up of former professional, collegiate, and high school players. Teams from Wisconsin include: The Green Bay Gladiators from Green Bay, WI, The Fox Valley Force in Appleton, WI, The Kimberly Storm in Kimberly, WI, The Central Wisconsin Spartans in Wausau, WI, The Eau Claire Crush and the Chippewa Valley Predators from Eau Claire, WI, and the Superior Stampede from Superior, WI. The league also has teams in Michigan and Minnesota. Teams play from May until August.

The Marquette Golden Eagles of the Big East Conference, the state's other major collegiate program, is known for its men's basketball team, which, under the direction of Al McGuire, won the NCAA National Championship in 1977. The team returned to the Final Four in 2003.

Wisconsin is home to the world's oldest operational racetrack. The Milwaukee Mile, located in State Fair Park in West Allis held races there long before the Indy 500.[65]

Wisconsin is home to the nation's oldest operating velodrome in Kenosha where races have been held every year since 1927.[66]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Elevations and Distances in the United States". U.S Geological Survey. 29 April 2005. http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest. Retrieved 2006-11-09. 
  3. ↑ "Wisconsin's Name: Where it Came from and What it Means". Wisconsin Historical Society. http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/wisconsin-name/. Retrieved 2008-07-24. 
  4. ↑ Marquette, Jacques (1673). "The Mississippi Voyage of Jolliet and Marquette, 1673". In Kellogg, Louise P.. Early Narratives of the Northwest, 1634–1699. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 235. OCLC 31431651. http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-051/. 
  5. ↑ Smith, Alice E. (September 1942). "Stephen H. Long and the Naming of Wisconsin". Wisconsin Magazine of History (Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society) 26 (1): 67–71. http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/u?/wmh,14413. Retrieved 2008-07-24. 
  6. ↑ McCafferty, Michael. 2003. On Wisconsin: The Derivation and Referent of an Old Puzzle in American Placenames. Onoma 38: 39–56
  7. ↑ Vogel, Virgil J. (1965). "Wisconsin's Name: A Linguistic Puzzle". Wisconsin Magazine of History (Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society) 48 (3): 181–186. http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/u?/wmh,23263. Retrieved 2008-07-24. 
  8. ↑ Theler, James; Boszhardt, Robert (2003). Twelve Millennia: Archaeology of the Upper Mississippi River Valley. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780877458470. 
  9. ↑ Birmingham, Robert; Eisenberg, Leslie (2000). Indian Mounds of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 100–110. ISBN 9780299168704. 
  10. ↑ Birmingham; Eisenberg (2000). pp. 152–156. ISBN 9780299168704. 
  11. ↑ Birmingham; Eisenberg (2000). pp. 165–167. ISBN 9780299168704. 
  12. ↑ Boatman, John (1987). "Historical Overview of the Wisconsin Area: From Early Years to the French, British, and Americans". In Fixico, Donald. An Anthology of Western Great Lakes Indian History. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. OCLC 18188646. 
  13. ↑ Rodesch, Gerrold C. (1984). "Jean Nicolet". University of Wisconsin–Green Bay. http://www.uwgb.edu/wisfrench/library/articles/nicolet.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 
  14. ↑ "Turning Points in Wisconsin History: Arrival of the First Europeans". Wisconsin Historical Society. http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-006/?action=more_essay. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 
  15. ↑ Jaenen, Cornelius (1973). "French colonial attitudes and the exploration of Jolliet and Marquette". Wisconsin Magazine of History 56 (4): 300–310. 
  16. ↑ "Dictionary of Wisconsin History: Langlade, Charles Michel". Wisconsin Historical Society. http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2266&search_term=Langlade%2C+Charles+Michel. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 
  17. ↑ Nesbit, Robert (1973). Wisconsin: A History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 62–64. ISBN 9780299063702. 
  18. ↑ "Badger Nickname". University of Wisconsin. http://www.uwbadgers.com/trads/nickname.html. Retrieved 2010-03-14. 
  19. ↑ Nesbit (1973). pp. 95–97. ISBN 9780299063702. 
  20. ↑ Legler, Henry (1898). "Rescue of Joshua Glover, a Runaway Slave". Leading Events of Wisconsin History. Milwaukee: Sentinel. pp. 226–229. http://www.library.wisc.edu/etext/wireader/WER1124.html. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 
  21. ↑ Nesbit (1973). pp. 238–239. ISBN 9780299063702. 
  22. ↑ "Turning Points in Wisconsin History: The Iron Brigade, Old Abe and Military Affairs". Wisconsin Historical Society. http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-023/?action=more_essay. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 
  23. ↑ Nesbit (1973). p. 273. ISBN 9780299063702. 
  24. ↑ Nesbit (1973). pp. 281,309. ISBN 9780299063702. 
  25. ↑ Buenker, John (1998). Thompson, William Fletcher. ed. The Progressive Era, 1893–1914. History of Wisconsin. 4. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. pp. 25, 40–41,62. ISBN 9780870203039. 
  26. ↑ "Turning Points in Wisconsin History: The Modern Environmental Movement". Wisconsin Historical Society. http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-048/?action=more_essay. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 
  27. ↑ Buenker (1998). pp. 80–81. ISBN 9780870203039. 
  28. ↑ Ware, Alan (2002). The American direct primary: party institutionalization and transformation in the North. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780521814928. 
  29. ↑ Ranney, Joseph. "Wisconsin's Legal History: Law and the Progressive Era, Part 3: Reforming the Workplace". http://www.wisbar.org/AM/TemplateRedirect.cfm?template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=35854. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 
  30. ↑ Stark, John (1987). "The Establishment of Wisconsin's Income Tax". Wisconsin Magazine of History 71 (1): 27–45. 
  31. ↑ Stark, Jack (1995). "The Wisconsin Idea: The University's Service to the State". The State of Wisconsin Blue Book, 1995–1996. Madison: Legislative Reference Bureau. pp. 101–179. OCLC 33902087. 
  32. ↑ Nelson, Daniel (1968). "The Origins of Unemployment Insurance in Wisconsin". Wisconsin Magazine of History 51 (2): 109–121. 
  33. ↑ "Tommy Thompson: Human Services Reformer". 2004-09-04. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=122179&page=1. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 
  34. ↑ "Wisconsin". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/state/wi. Retrieved 2008-07-17. 
  35. ↑ "Sister-States and Cities". International Wisconsin. 2006-03-20. http://international.wi.gov/SisterStates.html. Retrieved 2007-03-16. 
  36. ↑ Benedetti, Michael. "Climate of Wisconsin". The University of Wisconsin–Extension. http://www.uwex.edu/sco/stateclimate.html. Retrieved 2007-03-16. 
  37. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2009-01.csv. Retrieved 2010-01-04. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 ""Ancestry: 2000," U.S. Census Bureau" (PDF). http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  39. ↑ "Wisconsin Blue Book 2003–2004" (PDF). http://www.legis.state.wi.us/LRB/bb/03bb/128-133.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  40. ↑ Miller, Frank Hayden, "The Polanders in Wisconsin." Parkman Club Publications No. 10. Milwaukee, Wis.: Parkman Club, 1896); Online facsimile at: The Wisconsin Historical Society, visited January 29, 2008
  41. ↑ "Wisconsin's Hmong Population" (PDF). University of Wisconsin–Madison Applied Population Laboratory. http://www.apl.wisc.edu/publications/HmongChartbook.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-26. 
  42. ↑ "State Membership Reports". thearda.com. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/55_2000.asp. Retrieved 2010-06-15. 
  43. ↑ Carroll, Brett E. (2000-12-28). The Routledge Historical Atlas of Religion in America. Routledge Atlases of American History. Routledge. ISBN 0415921376. 
  44. ↑ Conant, James K. (2006-03-01). "1". Wisconsin Politics and Government: America's Laboratory of Democracy. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803215487. 
  45. ↑ Smith, Kevin D. (Spring 2003). "From Socialism to Racism: The Politics of Class and Identity in Postwar Milwaukee". Michigan Historical Review 29 (1): 71–95. 
  46. ↑ Bull, Chris (1999-02-16). "Take a seat – openly lesbian Representative Tammy Baldwin". The Advocate (LPI Media). Archived from the original on 2005-06-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20050625081817/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_1999_Feb_16/ai_53877986. Retrieved 2007-03-16. 
  47. ↑ "County Sales Tax Distribution-2007". Wisconsin Department of Revenue. 2007-03-06. http://www.revenue.wi.gov/esd/cotax07.html. Retrieved 2007-03-24. 
  48. ↑ "Wisconsin Department of Revenue". Revenue.wi.gov. http://www.revenue.wi.gov/faqs/ise/estate.html#ret3. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  49. ↑ "BEA : Gross Domestic Product by State". Bea.gov. 2009-06-02. http://www.bea.gov/regional/gsp/. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  50. ↑ [1]; WI June 2010 unemployment rates
  51. ↑ Wisconsin's Large Employer Search
  52. ↑ "2001 Milk Production" (PDF). Marketing Service Bulletin (United States Department of Agriculture). February 2002. http://www.fmmacentral.com/PDFdata/msb0202.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-16. 
  53. ↑ United States Department of Agriculture.Dairy Products: 2007 Summary.[2]
  54. ↑ Walters, Steven. "Doyle flips decision, puts cow on quarter". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=173693. Retrieved 2007-03-30. 
  55. ↑ ""Commerce study slams film incentives law" ''The Business Journal of Milwaukee'' March 31, 2009". Bizjournals.com. 2009-03-31. http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/2009/03/30/daily29.html. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  56. ↑ Naylor. "Number and Percent of Total Population by Urban/Rural Categories for Wisconsin Counties: April 1, 2000" (PDF). State of Wisconsin, Department of Administration. http://www.doa.state.wi.us/docs_view2.asp?docid=418. Retrieved 2007-03-16. 
  57. ↑ Davis, Chase; Rick Romell. "City drops out of top 20". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (Journal Communications). http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=337561. Retrieved 2007-03-16. 
  58. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "Wisconsin – Place and County Subdivision. GCT-T1-R. Population Estimates"[3]
  59. ↑ Rudolph, Frederick (1990). The American College and University: A History.. The University of Georgia Press, Athens and London. 
  60. ↑ Christopulos, Mike and Joslyn, Jay. "Legislators took license with ideas for slogan on plate" Milwaukee Sentinel 12-27-85; Page 5, Part 1
  61. ↑ Pure Contemporary interview with Anthony Puttnam
  62. ↑ ""Wasted in Wisconsin" home page". Jsonline.com. http://www.jsonline.com/news/30565984.html. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  63. ↑ Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (2005-11-12). "A Chronology Of Wisconsin Deer Hunting From Closed Seasons To Antlerless Permits". Press release. Archived from the original on 2007-02-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20070211061345/http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/news/rbnews/2005/111205scr4.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-16. 
  64. ↑ Green Bay Packers, Inc., Fan Zone FAQ, accessed Feb. 28, 2010.
  65. ↑ "Milwaukee Mile Website – History". Milwaukeemile.com. http://www.milwaukeemile.com/History-2010.asp. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  66. ↑ "Kenosha Velodrome Association". 333m.com. http://www.333m.com/. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 

Bibliography

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